Chapter+One

DEFINITION LISTS: For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words. These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter. Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2 Define the following key terms. 1. Metabolism: All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells aquire and use energy as they build, remodel and breakdown organic molecules. 2. Homeostasis: The collection of processes by which the conditions in a multicelled organism's internal environment are kept within tolerable ranges. 3. Cell: Smallest unit with the properties of life-the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis and reproduction. 4. Tissue: Organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task. 5. Organ: Structural unit of two or more tissues that interact in one or more task. 6. System (organ system): Organs that interact in one or more tasks. 7. Organism: Is an individual that consists of one or more cells. 8. Population (species): Group of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in a given area. 9. Community: All populations of all species in a specified area. 10. Ecosystem: A community interacting with its physical and chemical environment. 11. Biosphere: All regions of Earth's crust, waters and atmosphere in which organisms live. 12. Prokaryotic Cells: Single-celled organism in which the DNA is not contained in a nucleus; bacterium or archaean. 13. Eukaryotic Cells: Type of cell that starts life with a nucleus. 14. Evolution: Change in a line of decent. 15. Dependent Variable: Is what the investigator measures to determine the effects of the independent variable. 16. Independent Variable: Is changed delibretely by the investigator to determine the effects it has on the dependent variable. 17. Standardized Variable: Factors that are kept equal to show that any changes are due to the independent variable. 18. Bias: What you want to believe. 19. Placebo Effect: When no known benefit is known, but the brain thinks it helps. 20. Hypothesis: Testable explaination of a natural phenomenon. 21. Theory: Hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing and is useful for making predictions about other phenomenon. 22. Prefix: Placed before the word root. 23. Suffix: Placed at the end of the word to modify its meaning. 24. Word Root: Main part of the word and contains the fundamental meaning.

CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology 1.**Study of life and living organisms.**
 * What is the definition of BIOLOGY?**

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)** 1. __organ system F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task __ 2. cell E. the smallest unit of life capable of surviving and reproducing on its own 3. __community H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area __ 4. ecosystem J. a community interacting with its physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic) 5. __molecule__ G. two or more atoms bonded together 6. organelle C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion) 7. __population (species) L. a group of individuals //of the same// speciesin a particular place at a particular time __ 8. subatomic particle B. proton, neutron, or electron 9. __tissue M. a group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function __ 10. biosphere D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms 11. __multi-celled organism K. an individual composed of different types of cells __ 12. organ A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit 13. __atom__ I. the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY? Its the property where living things become more and more complex.

4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest.** Subatomic particle, Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Multi-celled organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ

5. **What is life?** Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things: 1. Continual inputs of energy. 2. The cycling of materials maintain life's complex organization. 3. Organisms sense and respond to change. 4. DNA inherited from parents is the basis of growth and reproduction in all organisms.

6. **Energy and Life’s Organization** **Energy input mainly from sunlight****~****Producer-plants and other self feeding organisms****~****Nutrient cycle****~****Consumers-Animal, most fungi, many protists and bacteria** **﻿** Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy? All energy that enters an ecosystem eventually flows out of it. The cycling of materials maintain life's complex organization.

Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups: A.Producers __: use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms)__ B.Consumers __: these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Analysis of the energy flow in living systems: Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain. Energy flows in one direction..producer-consumers. Consumers can eat producers and get nutrients indirectly. Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow? Energy that enters the world of life ultimately leaves it. What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? It escapes as heat. What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts. It enters your blood stream, then your blood sugars rise. The added sugars bind to receptors on cells of pancreas. The binding sets in motion for cells to take up sugars faster so the levels return to normal.

What is DNA, and why is it so important? It is the signature molecule of life. It is the basis of growth, survival and reproduction in all arganisms. It is also the source of all individuals distinct features.

7. **Life’s Diversity** The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?

1. Protists 2. Fungi 3. Plants 4. Animals Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains: Domain Characteristics Examples Bacterium || Vent || Lizards, mushroom || 8.Evolution by natural selection How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? A theroy of evolution by natural selection.
 * Bacteria || Single cells, prokaryotic. Most ancient lineage. || Magnetotactic
 * Archaea || Single cells, prokaryotic. Evolutionaly closer to Enkaryotes. || Hydrothermal
 * Eukarya || Eukaryotic cells(with nucleus) Single celled and multi-celled species: protists, fungi, plants and animals. || Seaweed, redwood tree,

What is a **mutation**? Small scale changes in DNA.

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms: 1. Natural population increases and competes for food, shelter and other resources. 2. Indviduas differ from one another in the details of shared traits. Such traits are inheritable. 3. Adaptive forms of traits make their bearers more competitive, so those forms become more common.

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? Artificial- One form of trait is favored over others under contrived, manipulated conditions. Natural- The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that differ in the details of their heritable traits.

9.The Nature of Biological Inquiry Why is critical thinking so important in science? When you think this way you move beyond the content of information. You look for underlying assumptions, evaluate the supporting statements and think of possible alternatives. How is the word THEORY defined in science? Evidence that supports or does not support a hypothesis. Complete the following table using information from your text: Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column. 1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction A.scientific experiment 2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong C.prediction 3. a testable answer to some question or observation E.hypothesis 4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied. D.control group 5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests. F.scientific theory 6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events B.variable
 * Observe || some aspect of nature ||
 * Question || frame a question that relates to your observation ||
 * Hypothesis || a testable answer to your question ||
 * || a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process ||
 * Prediction || Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong. “if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. ||
 * Test || Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible ||
 * Results || Assess results of the tests. If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis. If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. ||
 * Repeat || Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. ||
 * Report || Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community ||
 * Experiments || Are tests that can support or falsify a prediction. ||
 * Variable || Is a characteristic that differs among individuals or events. ||
 * Experimental group || Is a set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment. ||
 * Control group || Is identical to the experimental group except for one variable. ||

Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4: 1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. This ability is called a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal vision. This situation is the result of a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a muscle are all activities associated with a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for a. the number of variables studied. b. the variable being studied c. the sample size of each group d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The park would best be described as a. a species b. a community c. an organism d. an ecosystem e. none of the above 6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests. a. control b. theory c. hypothesis d. prediction 7. TRUE- FALSE : A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area. 8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy) d. they reproduce e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11. You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage. 9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? a.test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time. b.do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error. c.set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size. d.allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of contamination e.repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

11. What type of graph would better present this data? a. line graph b. bar graph

12. Which of the following depend **directly** on sunlight for energy? a. producers b. consumers c. decomposers d. none of the above

13. TRUE or FALSE : Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment.

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17. 14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028 15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? a. 280. b. 0.00028 c. 0.0028 d. 28,000. e. 0.028 16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? a. 240 b. 120 c. 80 d. 60 e. 30 17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? a. 3 b. 15 c. 30 d. 60 e. 80 18. True or False: A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel. 19. True or False : It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix. 20. True or False: When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first.